The impact of globalization and multinational companies on labour Essay

The effect of globalization and worldwide organizations on work markets - Essay Example Because of the quick enhancements for interchanges innovation, financial opportunity and the nonstop advancement of exchange liberalization2 (World Trade Organization 2008), current business pattern has continuously moved from multinationalism to globalization. It is additionally urgent for organizations today to effectively take an interest in the exchanging of merchandise and ventures on the planet advertise. As a general rule, globalization isn't just centered around the persistent worldwide developments of merchandise and ventures starting with one nation then onto the next yet in addition the worldwide traffic of human resources3 (Steger 2003, p. 37). With respect to the huge gracefully of accessible work power in the work showcase, a ton of medium-and enormous scope organizations have been making the most of the chance to recruit serious representatives at a lowest pay permitted by law. To empower the perusers to completely comprehend the effect of globalization and worldwide organizations on work showcase, the definition and principle reason for globalization will initially be given. In light of globalization, the effect and a portion of the basic HR methodologies utilized by worldwide organizations in light of globalization will be distinguished and altogether talked about. In the end, ways on how globalization and the HR procedures utilized by most worldwide organizations trigger either positive or negative effect over the work market will be recognized. To empower us to amplify the positive effect of globalization on work showcase, suggested arrangements on how we can adequately balance the negative effect of globalization and manners by which most worldwide organizations are right now treating representatives will be given. Globalization is â€Å"a procedure of cooperation and incorporation among individuals, organizations, and administrations of various nations which is driven by universal exchange and speculation using data technology†4 (The Levin Institute 2008). Fundamentally, globalization permits representatives to boost their accessible monetary

Canterbury Tales Comparison :: essays papers

Canterbury Tales Comparison In the event that gold rusts, what will press do (502)? This inquiry is by all accounts the premise of the correlation between the parson and the reeve. One, a great man on the all around, the other, a superb fascade to conceal his actual character. Althgough totally unique, one attempts to impersonate the other to cause himself to seem a decent man. The parson typified what an evangelist of the Lord ought to be. He was straightforward, kind, honest, amiable, and superbly steady (485). In spite of the fact that he was an upright man eh didn't deprecate or censure the individuals who were not as heavenly as he seemed to be. Anyway he woudl exceptionally chide the individuals who were willful (523). He was a man who practied what he lectured and drove individuals not by his words, however his great activities. He would even give the poor parishoners his very own portion moeney and assets. He felt that it was imporrible to locate a smudged shepherd and a spotless sheep (506) and that on the off chance that he was a minister (a man who is nearer to God than most) is degenerate, at that point how might he anticipate that his parishoners should be straightforward? There is no counter portrayal for the parson on the grounds that with the entirety of the great deeds he has accomplished for other people, when Chaucer says he accepts there isn't better minister anyplace (526) he trusts it to be valid, thus does the peruser. The reeve was a meager, irritable (589) man. He was astute and wilely, and couldn't be deceived by other. He was entirely knowledgable about foreseeing what the yeild of his yields would be. A great many people feared him and he had a plesant home in a glade. Doubtlessly he would have a kind of troubled terrible home, however that was not the situation. A great deal of his lord's properties were heavily influenced by him and force, and he deceived his lorfd into getting most things. He would loan and sell the masters own properties back to him, and he secretly had a bigger number of wealth than his ruler. He likewise took in the exchange of being a skilled worker and a craftsman at a youthful age. Anyway evil the reeve might be within, he attempts to make others consider him to be a decent man.

There Are No Children Here Essays (982 words) -

There Are No Children Here Alex Kotlowitz was an independent columnist. In 1985 a companion came to him and approached him to compose a book for a photograph exposition he was doing on (youngsters living in destitution) for a Chicago magazine. That is the point at which he met the Rivers siblings, Lafeyette, age ten, and Pharoah age seven. He spent just a couple of hours with them meeting for the photograph article. Lafeyette affected Kotlowitz. When asked what he needed to be, Lafeyette reacted with If I grow up, I'd prefer to be a transport driver. Which means, at ten years of age, he didn't know whether he'd make it to adulthood. In 1988 Kotlowitz proposed to the young men's mom, LaJoe, composing a book about Pharoah, Lafeyette and different kids in the area. LaJoe preferred the thought. In any case, she at that point stated, But you know, there are no youngsters here. They've seen a lot to be kids. Alex Kotlowitz entitled his book, There Are No Children Here. It is an account of two siblings experiencing childhood in a lodging venture of Chicago. By the writer following the young men during their time to day lives, we, the perusers, are likewise encompassed in the young men's environmental factors. We find out about their regular day to day existences, from how they choose their garments, to how they wash them. We go to class with them and we play with them. All through the book, we are a lot of like flies on the divider. We see and feel everything the young men's experience at Henry Horner Homes, the undertaking where they live. LaJoe moved into the Henry Horner Homes in 1956 with her mom and father. In those days it was an excellent spot. There was a green, grass baseball field, which was normally cut. For the youngsters there was a play area with swings and wilderness rec centers. The blocks were smooth, the windows were shining, and the dividers were newly painted white. The youths joined young men and young ladies clubs, walking groups, and other valuable associations. Presently things are extraordinary. The remainders of grass are dry earthy colored patches, generally soil. Where there was before a play area, there is presently a shooting. The blocks are presently worn and worn out. The windows are either translucent or broken. Also, the dividers are not, at this point white, rather a dull, yellowish shading. To top it all off, rather than joining young men and young ladies clubs, the youths joined posses. At the Henry Horner Homes, it was the Conservative Vice Lords that ruled. Driven by Jimmie Lee, the pack was accountable for the venture. Lafeyette and Pharoah thoroughly understood Jimmie Lee. They knew to stay away, however Lee was not exclusively a miscreant. To untouchables he was only a crook, associated with medicate traffic, home intrusions of dope pads, and different violations. To the inhabitants of the undertaking, Lee was regarded out of something other than dread. He never let youthful adolescents join his group. He addressed children against groups and medications. He would place food on tables for families out of luck. He would shoe the youngsters with torn shoes. Indeed, even a cop alluded to Lee as a noble man. He had an affection for kids and truly helped the children at Henry Horner Homes. Then again, the children who joined Jimmie Lee's military, had another destiny. Fowl Leg, (a.k.a. Calvin Robinson) was a guide for Lafeyette. He admired Bird Leg and followed alongside him for some time. In the long run, Bird Leg joined the Conservative Vice Lords. It wasn't well before he was shot point clear through the chest by rival posse individuals. Calvin passed on before the Henry Horner Homes. With no attempt at being subtle, another of Lafeyette and Pharoah's companions had been killed. Lafeyette and Pharoah had a long and breezy street in front of them. Considering their socioeconomics they were confronted with genuine difficulties. Lafeyette and Pharoah had practically inverse characters. Lafeyette gradually started to carry on with an actual existence he promised to never live. He started following in the strides of his more established sibling Terrence. It began with insignificant burglary and shoplifting, taking treats and so forth. Inevitably Lafeyette broke into a vehicle. Pharoah prevailing in school. He was a phenomenal understudy, he had honorable investigation

Ahmed, Leila Veil of Ignorance Essay - 275 Words

Ahmed, Leila: Veil of Ignorance Essay (Essay Sample) Content: NameProfessorCourseDateAhmed, Leila."Veil of Ignorance" We live in a world where veiling amongst Muslim women, after progressively gaining ground across the world, is indisputably decreasing. In her writing, Leila reveals how the veil is vanishing from present society--and why it would maybe soon develop into a fad of the history. She discloses the relics behind the phenomenon of Muslim women wearing the veil. According to Leila, the influence of this assumed norm was indentation with lack of knowledge and barbarism. Some understood it to be a symbol of cultural backwardness and female oppression (150). In general, the essay gives a persuasive insight about the veil and its significance weaved together with womens changing responsibility and literary ability. This is something Leila Ahmed has lived through and observed, especially in North America. The main issue discussed in this essay and is facing me is the issue of women being told to acknowledge whatsoever it wa s that they were being told and the challenge of not being able to defy this patriarchal idea. This essay is peer reviewed because its base is on diverse assessment of work done by one or more individuals of similar capability. Different authors have used it to provide credibility to Islamic religious standings on veiling have used it severally and other issues linked to Muslim Brotherhood. Apart from that, the history of the veil has been on evaluation for decades, in books as well as in a lecture to make scholars and readers understand on its use and symbol. According to Leila, the veil had practically vanished in Egypt (102). It was only among the middle class and the older generation that such a practice along with other practices -still persists unchanged. The veil presence meant holiness. Despite the fact of its high stature in the western world, it is known for its subjugation to women and in others just another form of oppression. Its disappearance would result in the remov al of this relic of women's repression and in the end better education and opportunity for women in the Muslim world. In this essay, the author is using the Toulmin method to justify the analysis connecting the claims and evidence. She does this with the intention of coming at a conclusion rather than reasons that are usually unambiguous. This is shown when she states that, it was only among the middle class and the older generation that such a practice along with other practices -still persists unchanged, as the evidence to support the claim of how the veil is vanishing from present society--and why it would maybe soon develop into a fad of the history (Leila 51-153). l have used the Toulmin style before and l will use it in the future because its useful in ...

Why you wont get a full ride to Harvard on a National Merit Scholarship

After I posted a list of reasons that students should continue to consider  passing up the new  SAT in favor of the ACT, I received messages  from a couple of readers who said that they  shared my misgiving  about the redesigned test, but that they had a very practical concern regarding that exam: namely, the PSAT and  qualification for National Merit Scholarships. In both cases, they indicated that their children would be dependent on scholarship money to attend college, and that they  could not afford to pass up the opportunities offered by the National Merit program. I confess that this was the last thing  on my mind when I wrote the list, but it is a very real concern, and I appreciate having it called to my attention. I do want to address the issue here, albeit with the caveat that I am not a financial aid expert, and that you should check with guidance counselors and individual colleges because policies and guidelines and vary from school to school. Im going to go into a lot more detail below, but in a nutshell: If  you are unable to afford college without a full scholarship and are focusing on  a group of less selective public universities, primarily in the (Mid)west and South,  that  offer large amounts of aid to students with high stats in order to boost their rankings, then yes, National Merit can count for a lot. But otherwise, it may have little to no effect on the amount of aid you ultimately receive. If  you are looking at highly selective schools, as many students aiming for National Merit are,  you probably do not need to  base your decision regarding SAT vs. ACT solely on the possibility of obtaining aid from that source. Heres why: Approximately 1.5 million students take the PSAT each year. Of those students, the top approximately 1% in each state are automatically named National Merit Semifinalists by the National Merit Scholarship Corporation (NMSC). Cutoffs are set by state and vary significantly; cutoffs in traditionally high-achieving states such as Massachusetts and New Jersey are substantially higher than cutoffs in traditionally low-achieving states such as Mississippi in New Mexico. In total, around 16,000 students receive National Merit Semifinalist status. In order to become Finalists, they must be endorsed by their schools, fill out an application detailing grades and extracurricular activities, write an essay, and take the SAT to confirm their scores. Most Semifinalists  (about 15,000) advance to Finalist status, and of  those students, around half will ultimately  be named National Merit Scholars. Although the designation of National Merit Scholar is considered an honor, the  actual payoff in terms of reducing college costs varies enormously and depends on what type of institution a student wants to attend. First, a few  universities offer substantial scholarships to Semifinalists, so if students with that designation want to attend such a school and decide they do not want to take the SAT, they can obtain a substantial amount of money regardless. These schools include the University of Maine and the University of Southern Mississippi. Most universities, however, require that students obtain Finalist status in order to be eligible for full-tuition scholarships. Some of them also have GPA requirements. Representative  schools include the University of  Alaska, the University of Arizona, the New Jersey Institute of Technology, and North Dakota State. In addition, students who advance to Finalist status become eligible for corporate-sponsored National Merit Scholarships, which are  open to children of employees of participating companies or, in some cases, residents of communities that those companies serve. About 1,000 corporate-backed scholarships are given out, ranging from $500 to $10,000 dollars. Some are one-time grants, while others are renewable for four years. Finally, some  schools, such as the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, only offer full-tuition scholarships to students who have actually been named National Merit Scholars. It is important to understand that it is an individual schools choice to offer significant tuition discounts, full-ride or otherwise,  to National Merit Scholars; the funds do not come from NMSC  itself. In fact, actual  National Merit Scholarships  themselves are worth only $2,500. It is also important to understand that although  there are a number of prestigious universities that participate in National Merit, most of these schools offer fairly modest  amounts of scholarship money on top of the actual National Merit scholarship. Usually, the amount is roughly comparable to the amount of the NM scholarship  itself, with some schools offering a bit more (the University of Chicago offers a minimum of $4,000, for instance) and some a bit less.   Although there are exceptions, the general rule is that the more prestigious the college, the fewer NM  scholarships  are offered, and the smaller the amount of those grants. Conversely, the less prestigious the college, the more NM scholarships are offered, and the higher the amount of those grants.   The reason is that highly competitive schools such as Johns Hopkins,  Vanderbilt, and Emory do not have a shortage of high-achieving applicants, and they can afford to allocate aid primarily based on need. Although they may offer full-tuition scholarships to students at the very top of their applicant pools (students for whom they are competing with Harvard, Yale, Stanford, etc.), they do not automatically hand out these scholarships to NMSC Finalists the same way lower-ranked state universities do.  The Ivies do not offer institutional  National Merit Scholarships, or indeed any merit scholarships  whatsoever.   Northwestern, for example, offers only $2,000 in additional aid, bringing the total to a $4,500.  The  school makes clear that students who receive corporate-sponsored National Merit Scholarships cannot also receive university-sponsored National Merit Scholarships, limiting the amount of NM aid a student can receive. You should also be aware that elite schools  have recently been reducing the number of National Merit scholars they support, in some cases from well over 100 to no more than a few dozen. So while certain elite schools may enroll large numbers of National Merit Scholars, those students are not necessarily being supported financially by the schools themselves either that, or they are only receiving trivial amounts of merit aid relative to the cost of attendance.   Likewise, a number of well-known universities, including the University of Texas-Austin and New York University, and the the Universities of Michigan and Virginia, have withdrawn from participation entirely, although they may still offer their own merit programs. The other, exceedingly important point to be aware of is that merit aid virtually always replaces need-based aid; it does not supplement it. Middlebury College,  which  admits students on a need-blind basis  and does not offer merit scholarships, summarizes this policy clearly: Middlebury College allows outside scholarships, such as local scholarships, high school awards, subsidies from parents employers or National Merit funds, to first replace the self-help (work and loan) component of the financial aid award.  Any outside scholarship aid exceeding the self-help will then reduce Middlebury grant aid dollar for dollar. Outside aid cannot be used to reduce or replace your Family Contribution (EFC). Even at a school that does offer matching NMSC grants, such at the University of Chicago, you can assume that the same will be true. If a student  receives $7,500/year through a combination of $2500 from the NMSC and $5,000 from the school, that $7,500 will be  used to reduce the size of any need-based grants the student is awarded; it will not be awarded on top of those need-based grants. The EFC will remain unchanged. Obviously, at elite private institutions, merit aid  policies tend to be  most beneficial to  well-off students who can almost afford sticker price, but who  arent going to turn down an extra $5-10K. Students from families  who make too much money to receive significant  need-based merit aid at elite private colleges, and who dont qualify for  one of the very few full-ride (non-NMSC) merit scholarships some of those institutions,  may be unable to fill the gap through NMSC alone. So the bottom line is as follows: If  you are a high-achieving student who is not necessarily aiming for elite schools, and whose  ability to attend college is entirely dependent on your ability to secure a full scholarship, then yes, you should  probably take the PSAT seriously, regardless of  how ill-managed the rollout of the new SAT has been. If money is that serious a concern, you are best off pursuing every opportunity open to you, and you may discover ones you did not even know about. That said, if you are a stellar test-taker and are committed to taking the ACT, it is unlikely that you will suffer too much. The vast majority of  the universities that offer significant  scholarships  to NMS Finalists, also offer  equally substantial aid to  students who achieve high scores on the ACT. If you see that one of your target schools offers automatic merit scholarships for NM qualifiers but does not mention the ACT, call the financial aid office and ask about what sort of merit aid is available for ACT-takers. Colleges do not always put every piece of information on their websites.   If you are a high-achieving but very needy student, you should also be aware that  you may in fact be eligible for a free ride at some elite schools. It is true that the wealthiest colleges do not offer merit scholarships, but the flip side is that they can afford to offer enormous amounts of aid to their poorest applicants. You  shouldnt count Harvard out entirely   just know that you wont be attending on a National Merit Scholarship.   If you  fall into the too-wealthy-for-need-based-aid-but-too-poor-for-sticker-price category, the amount of effort you expend in pursuit of National Merit should depend on a number of factors: how much time you will have to spend studying for the PSAT (are you almost there, or do you need another 150 points?), and what the tradeoff is in terms of spending time studying for that test vs. doing other activities; what type of school you are aiming to attend (public vs. private), and what sort of other scholarship opportunities it offers; and just how much aid you will require to make paying for a particular college feasible. These are individual decisions, and they must be made on a case-by-case basis.   Finally, if  you are a high-achieving student for whom financial aid  is not a significant concern, and you are aiming to attend the most prestigious college you can be admitted to, then  you should not base the SAT vs. ACT decision on National Merit. The reality is that elite  colleges receive so many applications from  recognized students that this factor will carry very  little weight. Your actual SAT or ACT scores and overall record of achievement, both in and outside the classroom, will be  the deciding factors.

Violations of Human Rights Essay - 1122 Words

Violations of Human Rights: Beyond the Gates The film, Beyond the Gates, shows audiences the horror that took place during the Rwandan genocide. Shot in the same area as the actual genocide took place, the film tells the story of the Hutu extremist attempt at destroying the countries minority group known as the Tutsi. Many human rights violations were shown in this movie, shedding light on the real issue of how the international community failed to intervene during this time of crisis and prevent the deaths of thousands of people. A few examples of human rights violations during this movie will be discussed in order to create awareness about the many human rights that were violated during the actual Rwandan genocide. Beyond the†¦show more content†¦A few specific examples from the film show in action these human rights being violated during the genocide in Rwanda. In the film Beyond the Gates, there are many scenes in which the audience hears or sees the Tutsi people of Kigali being killed or tortured. In one of these scenes Joe is being told by a Tutsi woman seeking refuge at the school what she witnessed while hiding from the Hutu. Marie is translating for Joe so can understand what is being said to him since he only speaks English. The woman tells Marie and Joe that she was hiding behind a house because she saw there were gangs of militia in the street checking identity cards and that she was very scared because she is Tutsi. She saw another Tutsi woman and her baby who were stopped by the militia. The Hutu men took off this woman’s clothes and kicked her in the stomach. One of them then took her baby by the feet and swung it at a tree, hitting its head. They kept swinging until the baby was dead. Article 2 of The UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide describes genocide as acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group. Under this list of types of genocide are killing members of theShow MoreR elatedViolation of Human Rights820 Words   |  3 Pages â€Å"What are human rights?† When asked this question, many people would list 2 to 3 basic rights, the ones you learn in school basically, like the right to speak freely, to eat, to have a proper education†¦ But that is not even half of the human rights. In the early ages, they were no human rights to abide by. Every country or culture had its own regulations and rules. However, in the beginning of World War II (What are human rights par1), an idea emerged entitled â€Å"freedom†. With it came out a documentRead MoreThe Violation Of Human Rights996 Words   |  4 PagesAfter reviewing the Human Rights Watch website, www.hrw.org, I decided to write my paper on the violation of the human rights of people with disabilities. I have a passion for working with people that have disabilities and I think so much more should be done for them. The United States have made great strides in being respectful for their h uman rights and it is time to see the rest of the world step up and take responsibility. There is also much more needed to be done in the United States but weRead MoreHuman Rights Violations601 Words   |  2 PagesThere has always been a problem of Human Rights Violations in every part of the world, the same goes with the state of Liberia, regardless of the Government initiatives to fight against Human Rights violations, there are a few unsafe and risky traditions or practices which were persistent in the year 2013 in Liberia which included female genital cutting, forced initiation into secret societies, vehemence against women and children and discrimination revolves around race, ethnicity and sexual orientationRead MoreThe Violation Of Human Rights1284 Words   |  6 Pages784478 Title: The Violation of Human Rights Table of Contents Page 1. Introduction 3 2. Relevance and value of human rights 3 3. Case studies 4 3.1 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 4 3.2 African Charter 5 3.3 Bill of Human Rights 7 4. Conclusion 7 5. Bibliography 8 1. Introduction Basic human rights are being violated every day all over the world. This includes each human being’s fundamental rights, which are rights that come with beingRead MoreHuman Rights Violations 1227 Words   |  5 Pagestheir lifestyle. The Egyptian police raided a Disco in May 2001, arresting thirty-eight men and a dozen women, these individuals were arrested for no reason (Ackerman). These violations, against women and homosexuals, are unfair and should be stopped. The Egyptian government should not be allowed to take away the civil rights of homosexuals and women, because it is abusive, inhumane, and repressive. The first offense is that young girls are circumcised. In 2005, 96% of girls age 4-12 have been circumcisedRead MoreThe Violation Of Human Rights1383 Words   |  6 Pages Human rights are one of the most important things a person can own in life. Human rights describe equal rights and freedom for anyone and everyone regardless of race, color, sex, language, religion or political affiliation. One should not be deprived of their rights because everyone are inherinted to their own rights, and no one should be able to take that away from anyone. Without them a person is nothing. You can’t live life or even survive in this world without your rights. No matterRead MoreAbortion: A Human Rights Violation953 Words   |  4 Pagesbabies? Does that change anything? Oxford English Dictionary defines abortion as, â€Å"The deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy.† Notice how the pregnancy is described as human in the definition. Abortion is a human rights violation because it is a form of torture, Article three of The Bills of Rights protects the right to live, and it is similar to the issue of slavery. Torture is the act of inflicting severe pain upon someone (citation)Read MoreThe Horrible Human Rights Violations897 Words   |  4 PagesOn the contrary when there were the horrendous human rights violations occurring in Rwanda with a genocide taking place killing thousands and thousands of people there was not a single country that chose to stand up and help. Either by providing soldiers that were needed to protect the people or by providing resources like food, water, health, shelter or sanitation that was needed by the Rwandan citizens. The U.N. even did not help and didn’t even take a stand against the governments of the otherRead MoreTorture Is A Violation Of Human Rights1337 Words   |  6 Pages In discussions of torture, one controversial issue has been if it is right to use torture to interrogate suspect terrorist (s) if they have information that can save civilian and military lives. On one hand, some argue that torture is never justified no matter wh at the situation is. On the other hand, some even contend that torture is a violation of our human rights. Others even maintain that it is ineffective and only causes more conflict. Some even think that it should be used as punishmentRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Human Rights Violations846 Words   |  4 PagesHuman trafficking is one of today’s egregious human rights violations. Traffickers focus on the most vulnerable members of society, preying mostly on women, and children, yet men are also trafficked in high numbers. Trafficking of a person refers to the, â€Å"illegal trade of a human being for sexual exploitation or forced labor through abduction, force, threat, or fraud† (UNOC 2015). Human trafficking can come in many forms such as, sex exploitation, forced labour, as well as forced donor-ship. The

Gender And The Board Of Education And Affirmative Action

Historically, certain groups have been underrepresented and unsuccessful in higher education. These groups include Hispanics, Latinos, African Americans, etc. Efforts have been made at the federal and institutional level to reverse this phenomenon, namely Brown vs. The Board of Education and Affirmative Action. Despite these efforts, African Americans, or Blacks, still lag behind in graduation rates relative to other races and Black males even more so. There has been a myriad of research done and solutions offered to combat this problem. I argue that access to positive Black male role models, increased financial aid, and increased out of class engagement will increase graduation rates for Black males. I also offer my own perfect program,†¦show more content†¦Shaun Harper explains that â€Å"the continuation of residential segregation in the United States concentrates Black students in public K-12 schools that have fewer resources, lower per-student expenditures, fewer advan ced placement courses, and less experienced teachers than the suburban schools many White students attend† (2010). The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) Susan Aud, et. Al. reports that in 2007–08, about 25 percent of secondary mathematics teachers who taught in schools with at least half Black enrollment had neither a certification nor a college major in mathematics, compared to 8 percent of secondary mathematics teachers who taught in schools with at least half White enrollment (2010). Attending poor middle schools and high schools adversely affects college enrollment rates and readiness. For example, due to their poor quality of educational experiences, Black students are less prepared to compete in competitive college admissions processes. Kimberly Griffin and Walter Allen state that students at urban schools are enrolled in larger classes and have access to smaller and more outdated libraries than their peers in more affluent communities. These schools also often lack rigorous courses, frequently measured by the number of